Cat health

In captivity, an average life expectancy for male indoor cats at birth is 12 to 14 years,^[90] with females usually living a year or two longer. However, there have been records of cats reaching into their 20s and 30s, with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff, dying at a verified age of 38.^[91] Having a cat neutered or spayed confers some health benefits, since castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females cannot develop uterine or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer.^[92] The lifespan of feral cats is hard to determine accurately, although one study reported amedian age of 4.7 years, with a range between 0 to 10 years.^[93]